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                    <text>Compass - Front View</text>
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                    <text>Material Composition: brass, glass</text>
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                    <text>"&lt;a title="The History of Brass" href="https://metals.about.com/od/properties/a/The-History-Of-Brass.htm" target="_blank"&gt;Brass&lt;/a&gt; casing, including cover; glass window; circle graduated on silver. Jewelled or glass centre in pivot cap".</text>
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                    <text>Canada Science and Technology Museum, Artifact Context Report dated 28/01/2015</text>
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                    <text>Canada Science and Technology Museum, researched for UOttawa Seminar HIS4135C, Jessica Ozorak and Carine Trazo.</text>
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                    <text>Compass - Aerial View</text>
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                    <text>Serial number corresponding to its organization within the collection of the Museum of Science and Technology.</text>
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                    <text>Canada Science and Technology Museum, Artifact Context Report dated 28/01/2015</text>
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                    <text>Canada Science and Technology Museum, researched for UOttawa Seminar HIS4135C, Jessica Ozorak and Carine Trazo.</text>
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                    <text>Compass - Side View</text>
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                    <text>View of the needle lock lever</text>
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                    <text>This feature is important to ensure the reading accuracy of the compass. &lt;a title="Geary, Don. Using a Map and Compass. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1995, p17-21." href="https://books.google.ca/books?id=5ZMkb-Pv7UMC&amp;amp;lpg=PP1&amp;amp;dq=Using%20a%20Map%20and%20Compass&amp;amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=Using%20a%20Map%20and%20Compass&amp;amp;f=false" target="_blank"&gt;One can damp the compass needle so that it comes to a complete stop. The process of damping involves the use of a needle lock lever (sometimes refer to as stopper), located on its side, in the form of small pin that is depressed to lift the compass needle off the pivot point. &lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                    <text>Canada Science and Technology Museum, researched for UOttawa Seminar HIS4135C, Jessica Ozorak and Carine Trazo.</text>
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                    <text>Hinges</text>
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                    <text>In order to protect its glass surface, the compass is equipped with a brass cover on hinges. As the instrument was presumably meant for nomadic surveyors or travelers, the brass cover would have been important to protect the functions of the instrument whilst in movement.</text>
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                    <text>Canada Science and Technology Museum, researched for UOttawa Seminar HIS4135C, Jessica Ozorak and Carine Trazo.</text>
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                    <text>Compass - Face</text>
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                    <text>Inscriptions</text>
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                    <text>According to the print, this compass was made in France. Based on its design and the years it was used in Canada (circa 1875), the Collignon-Houlliot compass manufacturer most likely manufactured this model. This company was known to export to Great-Britain and to the United-States. As such, British surveyors could have brought these compasses to British North-America upon performing their first surveys. The compass could have also been given to Dominion Land surveyors directly either by the manufacturer itself, by the British, or by the Americans.</text>
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                    <text>Canada Science and Technology Museum, researched for UOttawa Seminar HIS4135C, Jessica Ozorak and Carine Trazo.</text>
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                    <text>Compass - Provenance</text>
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                    <text>History</text>
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                    <text>The compass was collected by Ms. W. Mary Grey in 1987. It was donated by Mrs. Shakespeare who claims it belonged to J. Herbert Kerr who was surveying in Western Canada in the late 1800s. </text>
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                    <text>Canada Science and Technology Museum, Artifact Context Report dated 28/01/2015</text>
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                    <text>Canada Science and Technology Museum, researched for UOttawa Seminar HIS4135C, Jessica Ozorak and Carine Trazo.</text>
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                    <text>Winterization</text>
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                    <text>Surveying in a Northern climate</text>
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                    <text>As was discovered by looking through mapping, surveying, and draughting instrument catalogue used by the Canadian army throughout the First World War, the purpose of the "diaphragm" on this compass is to "winterize" it. That is to say protect it from water and ice from forming inside the compass. While surveying in a northern environment, the cover of this instrument served to protect the glass from scratching and cracking thus enabling water and ice to form on the compass' face.</text>
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                    <text>Photo taken by Jessica Ozorak at Canadian War Museum, Ottawa, ON. </text>
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                    <text>Canadian Armed Forces, "Canadian Army Manuel of Materiel: supply class 6675: draughting, surveying, and mapping instruments, 1965," Ottawa, Queen's Printer 1965.</text>
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                    <text>Made in France</text>
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                    <text>Markings</text>
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                    <text>The &lt;a title="The Law Relating to the Merchandise Marks Act 1887 to 1894" href="https://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/MOML?af=RN&amp;amp;ae=F451479917&amp;amp;srchtp=a&amp;amp;ste=14" target="_blank"&gt;UK Merchandise Marks Act&lt;/a&gt; came to in 1887, this act required every item be labelled by a trade description. &amp;ldquo;The expression &amp;lsquo;trade description&amp;rsquo; means any description, statement, or other indication, direct or indirect. b) as to the place or country in which any goods were made or produced&amp;rsquo; This act protected against fraud. Thus, the fact that this compass has this marking indicated it was definitely made after 1887.</text>
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                    <text>Canada Science and Technology Museum, researched for UOttawa Seminar HIS4135C, Jessica Ozorak and Carine Trazo.</text>
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                    <text>Trade in Europe</text>
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                    <text>UK and France </text>
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                    <text>It is peculiar that the marking on this compass has the English inscription&lt;a title="The Law Relating to the Merchandise Marks Act 1887 to 1894" href="https://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/MOML?af=RN&amp;amp;ae=F451479917&amp;amp;srchtp=a&amp;amp;ste=14" target="_blank"&gt; "Made in France"&lt;/a&gt;. This is because the &lt;a title="Collignon-Houlliot" href="https://compassmuseum.com/pocket/pocket_2.htm#HOULLIOT"&gt;Houlliot&lt;/a&gt; company was producing compasses and instruments for many countries, notably Germany, Russia, and the UK. The latter who would undoubtedly be using these instruments in its North American colonies during the Victorian era.</text>
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                    <text>Canada Science and Technology Museum, researched for UOttawa Seminar HIS4135C, Jessica Ozorak and Carine Trazo.</text>
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                    <text>Closed Lid/Cover</text>
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                    <text>Canada Science and Technology Museum, researched for UOttawa Seminar HIS4135C, Jessica Ozorak and Carine Trazo.</text>
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                  <text>Instruments</text>
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                  <text>A selection of instruments used by the Dominion Land Surveyors of Canada.</text>
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                <text>Pocket Compass</text>
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                <text>Compass believed to have belonged to J. Herbert Kerr. Used for Surveying in Western Canada in 1875. </text>
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                <text>"&lt;a title="The History of Brass" href="https://metals.about.com/od/properties/a/The-History-Of-Brass.htm" target="_blank"&gt;Brass&lt;/a&gt; pocket compass with hinged cover &amp;amp; ring. Fitted with needle stopper activated by sliding bar; double-pointed bar blued at N-end and red glass or jewelled centre in pivot point cap. Includes declination needle, which may be set by rotating casing back. (N.B: stopper bar point tip extends through casing wall &amp;amp; is exposed - quick stop function?)".&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lacquered Brass case; glass cover has bevelled edge &amp;amp; brushed silver compass face. Compass needle blued at N-End; central mounting disk &amp;amp; declination needle chemically treated.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Declination Needle has elongated diamond-shaped pointer &amp;amp; broard 3-pointed fan-like end.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="The Law Relating to the Merchandise Marks Act 1887 to 1894" href="https://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/MOML?af=RN&amp;amp;ae=F451479917&amp;amp;srchtp=a&amp;amp;ste=14" target="_blank"&gt;'Made/in/France'&lt;/a&gt; stamped on compass face, near 'S'/'C' stamped inside compass case cover, above hinge/quadrants &amp;amp; half-quadrants labelled; compass circle divided 0-360 at 2-degree intervals.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Gurley Manual of Surveying Instruments" href="https://archive.org/details/gurleymanualsur03nygoog" target="_blank"&gt;Its function is to measure direction, with respect to magnetic North.&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>Possibly &lt;a title="Compassipedia" href="https://www.compassmuseum.com/diverstext/profiles.htm#CH" target="_blank"&gt;Collignon-Houlliot&lt;/a&gt; (FRANCE)</text>
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                <text>Canada Science and Technology Museum, Artifact Context Report dated 28/01/2015</text>
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                <text>Canada Science and Technology Museum, researched for UOttawa Seminar HIS4135C, Jessica Ozorak and Carine Trazo.</text>
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                <text>Circa 1875</text>
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                <text>art. no. 1987.2108 Canada Science and Technology Museum</text>
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                  <text>Instruments</text>
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                  <text>A selection of instruments used by the Dominion Land Surveyors of Canada.</text>
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                <text>Brass parallel rule, used to draw parallel lines to scale.  It is slightly longer and heavier than average.  It has degree notches as well as compass directions marked on it.  The fleur de lis symbol replaces the "N" for north.</text>
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                <text>H.S. Crabtree ltd.</text>
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                <text>manufactured circa 1900-1940</text>
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