Bibliography
References
Primary Sources:
“Bernice Isobel Carnegie”, n. d., Carnegie family’s historical information site, https://www.bernicecarnegie.com/carnegie-family, November 18 2025.
Digital Museums Canada. “Graduation March to Convocation Hall.” Community Stories. n.d. Accessed November 6, 2025. https://www.communitystories.ca/v2/womens-college-nursing_ecole-infirmieres-womens-college/gallery/graduation-march-to-convocation-hall/.
Innisfil Funeral Home. “Rhoda Young-Anstey Obituary.” Innisfil Funeral Home. Accessed November 17, 2025. https://www.innisfilfuneralhome.com/obituaries/rhoda-young-anstey.
Library and Archives Canada, “Six Student Nurses Studying in the Library”, 1930-1960. Library and Archives Canada. https://recherche-collection-search.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/home/record?app=fonandcol&idnumber=4365895&ecopy=e010982278_s1-v8, Accessed November 17, 2025.
"May 5, 2019 (Page A11)." 2019. Toronto Star (2010-), May 05, 1. https://login.proxy.bib.uottawa.ca/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/newspapers/may-5-2019-page-a11/docview/2248418689/se-2.
Oliver, Pearleen. Interview by Marjory Whitelaw. Summer 1992. Nova Scotia Archives. https://archives.novascotia.ca/african-heritage/archives/?ID=616.
Unity Health Toronto. 2022. “For 100 years, Black nurses have offered exceptional care and leadership at Unity Health hospitals. Here’s how they challenged the status quo.” Unity Health Toronto. https://unityhealth.to/2022/02/black-nurses-care-and-leadership/.
“Working with the Victoria Order of Nurses, St. Joseph's Hospital and the Hospital for Sick Kids”, 1960-1963, Sickle Cell Association of Ontario, https://sicklecellontario.ca/about-us/our-founder/, November 17 2025.
Secondary Sources:
De Sousa, Ismalia, Kaemanje Harris, Winifred E. Scott-Williams, and Olivia Mitchell. “Reflections on Black Nurses’ Invisibility.” Advances in Nursing Science 47, no. 1 (January/March 2024): 16–28. https://doi.org/10.1097/ANS.0000000000000484.
Flynn, Karen. "Beyond the Glass Wall: Black Canadian Nurses, 1940-1970." Nursing History Review 17, (2009): 129-52. https://login.proxy.bib.uottawa.ca/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/beyond-glass-wall-black-canadian-nurses-1940-1970/docview/207255777/se-2.
Flynn, Karen. "Experience and Identity: Black Immigrant Nurses to Canada, 1950–1980" In Sisters or Strangers?: Immigrant, Ethnic, and Racialized Women in Canadian History, Second Edition edited by Marlene Epp and Franca Iacovetta, 500-520. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2016. https://doi-org.proxy.bib.uottawa.ca/10.3138/9781442625938-028
Sickle Cell Association of Ontario. n.d. “Our Founder.” Sickle Cell Association of Ontario. Accessed November 18, 2025. https://sicklecellontario.ca/about-us/our-founder/.
"May 5, 2019 (Page A11)." 2019.Toronto Star (2010-), May 05, 1. https://login.proxy.bib.uottawa.ca/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/newspapers/may-5-2019-page-a11/docview/2248418689/se-2.
Unity Health Toronto. 2022. “For 100 years, Black nurses have offered exceptional care and leadership at Unity Health hospitals. Here’s how they challenged the status quo.” Unity Health Toronto. https://unityhealth.to/2022/02/black-nurses-care-and-leadership/.
Tertiary Sources:
Johnson, F., & Bowen, L. S. (n.d.). The Secret Life of Canada. CBC. https://www.cbc.ca/listen/cbc-podcasts/203-the-secret-life-of-canada/episode/15778588-s3-crash-course-on-black-nurses.
“150 years of immigration in Canada.” 2016. Statistique Canada. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11-630-x/11-630-x2016006-eng.htm.
University of Windsor. n.d. “Breaking boundaries: Canada's first Black public health nurse.” Faculty of Nursing. Accessed November 6, 2025. https://www.uwindsor.ca/nursing/breaking-boundaries.
Ontario Nurses' Association. 2025. “Black History/Black Futures Month.” https://ona.org/news/black-history-black-futures-month/.
University of Windsor. n.d. “Breaking boundaries: Canada's first Black public health nurse.” Faculty of Nursing. Accessed November 6, 2025. https://www.uwindsor.ca/nursing/breaking-boundaries.